Reverberation: Action and Reaction
Reverberation is traditionally
defined as a reaction to foundational elements.
Foundational elements are essential to design and offers a grounding idea
that allows for development and exploring past what has already been created to
something new. Every object, place, building and place we have today is based
on action and reaction to past developments and designs. The three main foundation principles are the
circles, groves and stacks seen in traditional Greek and Roman architecture.
From these foundational buildings, form, order, architectural detail and space
has taken shape and been transformed throughout the years.
Reverberation is made possible through
trade and the spreading of ideas. As
trade started between waterways and travel between countries increased, ideas
became to spread and spawn off one another to different parts of the world. New materials were introduced; form and
building structure was enhanced and internal elements, especially in churches,
changed.
One major way reverberation has
been exposed is as an expression of faith. In early churches, the buildings
were designed as a reaction to the Pantheon and Basilica as well as taking the
open concept idea from the forum and agora in Rome and Greece. An example is the Salisbury Cathedral, which takes both the dome form on top of
the Basilica and “stack” or pyramid shaped entrance porch on the Pantheon. As a
result, the Salisbury Cathedral as well as others of the time has a centralized
organization, cross-shaped plan and mixed use of circles, groves and
stacks. There is also an open, airy
entrance inside the doorway that is organized like the open space of the forum
and agora where people can gather before they enter the walls of the church. Other than form, faith was expressed through
the internal motifs and materials.
Mosaics were introduced and the walls told stores of the religion and
offered color and interest to the space.
As the world as an idea was
unfolding and trade became more popular, the process of producing maps began.
Maps in general have a distinct boarder/boundaries in which an important idea
is enclosed in the center. They always have a view of something with directionality
and value and show what is important. Maps unfolded the world in a contextual
way, showing the physical separation of landmasses and different cultures. But
in buildings, spaces and materials, there were visual separations between the
different countries.
In the West, there was a revival of
the past using classical language and strive for harmony and order in all
things. Taking back the three foundational elements by layering groves and
stacks when possible. Also the idea of
emphasizing the surface through materiality was prevalent, most often seen
through details on the front of buildings with stone and tile. The Western designers was about following the
rules and attempted to follow them by writing the rules down or describe what
they were designing. They put man at the
center and strived for position through patronage. The thoughts moved forward from religious
centered to a more secular agenda. While
the West was following order and classical language, the East was striving for
harmony and stability.
The Eastern
rulebook was similar to the West’s in terms of finding order and continuing the
pattern of groves and stacks as well as emphasizing the surface through
materiality. Unlike the West; however,
the East placed community needs before personal needs and emphasized spiritual,
not just special connections. They also
had more stability within their ideas and a sense of identity. The major differences between the two were
mosaics in the West while stained glass in the East. Shoji panels in the west
while stone panels in the East. Exploration in materials in the West led to
carpet while exploration of furniture in the East led to chest of drawers. Although maps physically showed the
separation, details and style showed the visual separation and different
reactions to the foundational principles.
Another
part of reverberation is the reaction to existing ideals and the manipulating
them to come up with your own. The “old
rules” were considered to be the rules of the Renaissance, which included
precision, symmetrical/ balanced compositions, layering and stacking of class
systems, and calm nature. However, these
rules were reconsidered and broken during the Baroque time period where
exploration of design was prevalent. The
classical circle was stretched to an oval shape, forced perspective arose which
brought about diagonals walls instead of straight walls, round vivid forms and
distortion as well as dramatic lighting.
Art and architecture were coming together and inspiriting new creations
instead of being different forms. While
the Eastern Hemisphere was experiencing new change and “breakage” of the rules,
maps introduced the Western Hemisphere and the idea of exploration and
discovering the new world.
When
America was founded, the settlers brought with them the ideas of the
English. They did not know any other
style than what they left so at first, the English traditional setting which
spawned a Greek revival heavily inspired America. This traditional style became the first
national style developed in the new world.
The inclusion of a porch on a plain building arose again and ration,
balance and symmetry in the community were expressed once more. As America became established as a new
country, the creation of the sideboard and dining room were created from new
ideas of entertainment. People began
inviting people into their homes and having gathering and celebrations so a
more formal, matching space was necessary to host guests.
No matter
what century it is, reverberation is always taking place. Action and reaction is a part of life and is
what creates what we have today. No form
nor design has been created that does not have some past influences. Reverberation will continue to take place as
the years progress and products will continue to get better and architecture
will continue to expand.
Modern Example:
Maps are an example of reverberation and the notion of differentiating ideas. This is an older map when the world was just being discovered. It shows the world as two, distinct separate hemispheres or sides with America on one side and Europe on the other. The world also takes a uniformed circular shape right in the middle of the map with a centralized axis opposed to a more modern map. The map below elongates the world into more of an oval instead of a circle. Also, the two sides are only visually separated by the water instead of physically separated into two different shapes. On some maps, the edges are cut off so the world essentially looks square. As people began to learn that the world was round and it was common knowledge, the maps began to change to show more information about the different countries differentiated by different colors to show the boarders instead of concentrating on the shape of the world as a whole.
nicely done! comprehensive coverage of the material covered in this unit.
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